Künstliche Intelligenz (KI)
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Journal Article Expertise depends on reasoning through alternative scenarios(Springer, 2022) Dohn, Nina Bonderup; Ragni, MarcoJournal Article Survey: Artificial Intelligence, Computational Thinking and Learning(Springer, 2022) Dohn, Nina Bonderup; Kafai, Yasmin; Mørch, Anders; Ragni, MarcoLearning is central to both artificial intelligence and human intelligence, the former focused on understanding how machines learn, the latter concerned with how humans learn. With the growing relevance of computational thinking, these two efforts have become more closely connected. This survey examines these connections and points to the need for educating the general public to understand the challenges which the increasing integration of AI in human lives pose. We describe three different framings of computational thinking: cognitive, situated, and critical. Each framing offers valuable, but different insights into what computational thinking can and should be. The differences between the three framings also concern the views of learning that they embody. We combine the three framings into one framework which emphasizes that (1) computational thinking activities involve engagement with algorithmic processes, and (2) the mere use of a digital artifact for an activity is not sufficient to count as computational thinking. We further present a set of approaches to learning computational thinking. We argue for the significance of computational thinking as regards artificial intelligence on three counts: (i) Human developers use computational thinking to create and develop artificial intelligence systems, (ii) understanding how humans learn can enrich artificial intelligence systems, and (iii) such enriched systems will be explainable. We conclude with an introduction of the articles included in the Special Issue, focusing on how they call upon and develop the themes of this survey.Journal Article Cooperative Human Artificial Intelligence(Springer, 2021) Ragni, MarcoJournal Article Thinking is Founded on Models of Possibilities(Springer, 2019) Ragni, MarcoJournal Article Cognitive Reasoning: A Personal View(Springer, 2019) Furbach, Ulrich; Hölldobler, Steffen; Ragni, Marco; Schon, Claudia; Stolzenburg, FriederThe adjective cognitive especially in conjunction with the word computing seems to be a trendy buzzword in the artificial intelligence community and beyond nowadays. However, the term is often used without explicit definition. Therefore we start with a brief review of the notion and define what we mean by cognitive reasoning . It shall refer to modeling the human ability to draw meaningful conclusions despite incomplete and inconsistent knowledge involving among others the representation of knowledge where all processes from the acquisition and update of knowledge to the derivation of conclusions must be implementable and executable on appropriate hardware. We briefly introduce relevant approaches and methods from cognitive modeling, commonsense reasoning, and subsymbolic approaches. Furthermore, challenges and important research questions are stated, e.g., developing a computational model that can compete with a (human) reasoner on problems that require common sense.Journal Article Editorial(Springer, 2019) Ragni, MarcoJournal Towards a General Framework for Kinds of Forgetting in Common-Sense Belief Management(Springer Nature, 2019) Beierle, Christoph; Kern-Isberner, Gabriele; Sauerwald, Kai; Bock, Tanja; Ragni, MarcoJournal Article Cognitive Space and Spatial Cognition: The SFB/TR 8 Spatial Cognition(Springer, 2016) Ragni, Marco; Barkowsky, Thomas; Nebel, Bernhard; Freksa, ChristianSpace and time are two of the most fundamental categories any human, animal, or other cognitive agent such as an autonomous robot has to deal with. They need to perceive their environments, make sense of their perceptions, and make interactions as embodied entities with other agents and their environment. The theoretical foundations and practical implications have been investigated from a cognitive perspective (i.e., from an information processing point of view) within the Sonderforschungsbereich/Transregio SFB/TR 8 Spatial Cognition (http://www.sfbtr8.spatial-cognition.de) over the past 12 years jointly by the Universities of Bremen and Freiburg. The research covered fundamental questions: what are the specific requirements of reasoning about space and time, for acting in space, and for any form of interaction including communication in spatio-temporal domains? It has been a success story in all research lines from foundational research to applications of spatial cognition in robotics, interaction and communication. The SFB/TR 8 actually shaped a new research field by extending a previous subfield of cognitive science with its own interdisciplinary techniques.Journal Article To Make the World a Better Place(Springer, 2015) Ragni, MarcoJournal Article Special Issue on Higher-Level Cognition and Computation(Springer, 2015) Ragni, Marco; Stolzenburg, Frieder